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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
CLKs' awareness and ability to draw on relational affordances and learning-internal factors, were significant. RIs from TS and ZL for instance mentioned their local professor relationship as a key factor in their rational decision to avoid criticising a strict prof (see example 2).
This article examines all local research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on practical fundamental topics like:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is an instrument that is widely used in research that is based on pragmatic principles. It has numerous advantages but it also has a few drawbacks. For 프라그마틱 환수율 instance it is that the DCT cannot take into account the cultural and individual variations in communication. Additionally it is also the case that the DCT is prone to bias and can cause overgeneralizations. It is essential to analyze it carefully before it is used in research or assessment.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a useful tool to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables that affect the manner of speaking in two or more steps could be a plus. This feature can be used to study the impact of prosody across cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics the DCT is now one of the primary instruments for analyzing learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to study various aspects such as the manner of speaking, turn taking and lexical selection. It can be used to assess the level of phonological sophistication in learners in their speech.
Recent research used an DCT as an instrument to test the skills of refusal among EFL students. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from and were then asked to select the most appropriate response. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing, including a questionnaire and video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other data collection methods.
DCTs can be designed with specific linguistic criteria, such as the form and content. These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of the test designers. They aren't always precise and could misrepresent the way ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more research into alternative methods of assessing refusal ability.
In a recent study DCT responses to student requests via email were compared to the responses from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT encouraged more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and made a less frequent use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It used various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs at the upper-intermediate level who responded to MQs, DCTs, 프라그마틱 and RIs. They were also asked to reflect on their evaluation and refusal performance in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to defy native Korean pragmatic norms. Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life histories and their relationships. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
The MQ data were analyzed to determine the participants' rational choices. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the selections were matched with their linguistic performance in DCTs to determine whether they showed a pattern of resistance to pragmatics or not. The interviewees also had to explain why they chose a pragmatic behavior in certain situations.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analysed using descriptive statistics and Z tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This could be due to their lack experience with the target languages, which led to an inadequate understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to be more convergent toward L1 differed based on the DCT situations. For example, in Situation 3 and 12 the CLKs would prefer to diverge from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14 they favored a convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs revealed that CLKs were aware of their logical resistance to every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, and then coded by two coders who were independent. Coding was an iterative process in which the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine if they reflected the actual behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
The central problem in the field of pragmatic research is: why do some learners refuse to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research attempted to answer this question using various experimental tools, 프라그마틱 무료체험 including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were required to complete the DCTs in their first language and to complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were required to reflect on and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that, on average, 프라그마틱 무료 (bookmarkspot.win) the CLKs rejected native-speaker pragmatic norms in more than 40% of their answers. They did this even when they could produce patterns that closely resembled native speakers. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal aspects such as their personalities and identities that are multilingual, as well as ongoing life histories. They also referred to external factors such as relational benefits. They also discussed, for instance, how their interactions with their professors helped them to function more easily in terms of the linguistic and social standards of their university.
The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures and penalties they might face when their social norms were not followed. They were worried that their native friends might view them as "foreignersand believe that they are incompetent. This concern was similar in nature to the one expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are not the norm for Korean learners. They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. Future researchers should reassess the applicability of these tests in various cultural contexts and in specific situations. This will help them better understand the impact of different cultural contexts on the classroom behavior and interactions of students in L2. Additionally this will allow educators to develop more effective methodologies to teach and test the korea-based pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risks consultancy.
Case Studies
The case study method is a method that focuses on intensive, participant-centered research to study a specific subject. This method utilizes numerous sources of information, such as documents, interviews, and observations to confirm its findings. This kind of research is ideal for studying unique or complex subjects which are difficult to assess with other methods.
The first step in conducting a case study is to define the subject matter and the purpose of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject matter are crucial for research and which are best left out. It is also helpful to read the literature to gain a better understanding of the subject. It will also help place the situation in a larger theoretical context.
This case study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard [50], and its specific benchmarks for Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study revealed that L2 Korean learners were highly susceptible to the influence of native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices, which were literal interpretations. This was a deviance from a precise pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency to add their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This lowered the quality of their answers.
Additionally, the participants in this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had achieved level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) in their second or third year at university, and were aiming to reach level 6 on their next attempt. They were questioned about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness and understanding and knowledge of the world.
The interviewees were presented with two scenarios, each involving an imaginary interaction with their interlocutors and were asked to select one of the following strategies to employ when making a request. The interviewees were then asked to justify their choice. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatist opposition to their personality. TS for instance, claimed that she was difficult to approach and would not inquire about the health of her co-worker when they had a lot of work despite the fact that she thought native Koreans would.
CLKs' awareness and ability to draw on relational affordances and learning-internal factors, were significant. RIs from TS and ZL for instance mentioned their local professor relationship as a key factor in their rational decision to avoid criticising a strict prof (see example 2).
This article examines all local research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on practical fundamental topics like:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is an instrument that is widely used in research that is based on pragmatic principles. It has numerous advantages but it also has a few drawbacks. For 프라그마틱 환수율 instance it is that the DCT cannot take into account the cultural and individual variations in communication. Additionally it is also the case that the DCT is prone to bias and can cause overgeneralizations. It is essential to analyze it carefully before it is used in research or assessment.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a useful tool to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables that affect the manner of speaking in two or more steps could be a plus. This feature can be used to study the impact of prosody across cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics the DCT is now one of the primary instruments for analyzing learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to study various aspects such as the manner of speaking, turn taking and lexical selection. It can be used to assess the level of phonological sophistication in learners in their speech.
Recent research used an DCT as an instrument to test the skills of refusal among EFL students. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from and were then asked to select the most appropriate response. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing, including a questionnaire and video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other data collection methods.
DCTs can be designed with specific linguistic criteria, such as the form and content. These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of the test designers. They aren't always precise and could misrepresent the way ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more research into alternative methods of assessing refusal ability.
In a recent study DCT responses to student requests via email were compared to the responses from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT encouraged more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and made a less frequent use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It used various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs at the upper-intermediate level who responded to MQs, DCTs, 프라그마틱 and RIs. They were also asked to reflect on their evaluation and refusal performance in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to defy native Korean pragmatic norms. Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life histories and their relationships. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
The MQ data were analyzed to determine the participants' rational choices. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the selections were matched with their linguistic performance in DCTs to determine whether they showed a pattern of resistance to pragmatics or not. The interviewees also had to explain why they chose a pragmatic behavior in certain situations.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analysed using descriptive statistics and Z tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This could be due to their lack experience with the target languages, which led to an inadequate understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to be more convergent toward L1 differed based on the DCT situations. For example, in Situation 3 and 12 the CLKs would prefer to diverge from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14 they favored a convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs revealed that CLKs were aware of their logical resistance to every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, and then coded by two coders who were independent. Coding was an iterative process in which the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine if they reflected the actual behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
The central problem in the field of pragmatic research is: why do some learners refuse to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research attempted to answer this question using various experimental tools, 프라그마틱 무료체험 including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were required to complete the DCTs in their first language and to complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were required to reflect on and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that, on average, 프라그마틱 무료 (bookmarkspot.win) the CLKs rejected native-speaker pragmatic norms in more than 40% of their answers. They did this even when they could produce patterns that closely resembled native speakers. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal aspects such as their personalities and identities that are multilingual, as well as ongoing life histories. They also referred to external factors such as relational benefits. They also discussed, for instance, how their interactions with their professors helped them to function more easily in terms of the linguistic and social standards of their university.
The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures and penalties they might face when their social norms were not followed. They were worried that their native friends might view them as "foreignersand believe that they are incompetent. This concern was similar in nature to the one expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are not the norm for Korean learners. They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. Future researchers should reassess the applicability of these tests in various cultural contexts and in specific situations. This will help them better understand the impact of different cultural contexts on the classroom behavior and interactions of students in L2. Additionally this will allow educators to develop more effective methodologies to teach and test the korea-based pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risks consultancy.
Case Studies
The case study method is a method that focuses on intensive, participant-centered research to study a specific subject. This method utilizes numerous sources of information, such as documents, interviews, and observations to confirm its findings. This kind of research is ideal for studying unique or complex subjects which are difficult to assess with other methods.
The first step in conducting a case study is to define the subject matter and the purpose of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject matter are crucial for research and which are best left out. It is also helpful to read the literature to gain a better understanding of the subject. It will also help place the situation in a larger theoretical context.
This case study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard [50], and its specific benchmarks for Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study revealed that L2 Korean learners were highly susceptible to the influence of native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices, which were literal interpretations. This was a deviance from a precise pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency to add their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This lowered the quality of their answers.
Additionally, the participants in this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had achieved level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) in their second or third year at university, and were aiming to reach level 6 on their next attempt. They were questioned about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness and understanding and knowledge of the world.
The interviewees were presented with two scenarios, each involving an imaginary interaction with their interlocutors and were asked to select one of the following strategies to employ when making a request. The interviewees were then asked to justify their choice. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatist opposition to their personality. TS for instance, claimed that she was difficult to approach and would not inquire about the health of her co-worker when they had a lot of work despite the fact that she thought native Koreans would.
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