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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can lead to the development of organisms over time. This includes the emergence and development of new species.

This is evident in numerous examples of stickleback fish species that can be found in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that have a preference for particular host plants. These reversible traits do not explain the fundamental changes in basic body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living creatures that inhabit our planet for centuries. The most well-known explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection process, a process that is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more successfully than those who are less well adapted. Over time, a population of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually forms a whole new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that involves the interaction of three elements: variation, inheritance and reproduction. Sexual reproduction and mutation increase genetic diversity in a species. Inheritance is the transfer of a person's genetic traits to their offspring which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of producing fertile, viable offspring. This can be accomplished by both asexual or sexual methods.

All of these variables have to be in equilibrium to allow natural selection to take place. If, for instance, a dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive allele, then the dominant allele will become more prevalent in a group. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or decreases the fertility of the population, it will disappear. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism with a beneficial trait can reproduce and survive longer than an individual with an unadaptive trait. The higher the level of fitness an organism has, measured by its ability reproduce and survive, is the more offspring it will produce. People with good characteristics, like longer necks in giraffes or bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely to survive and produce offspring, so they will make up the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection is only a force for populations, not on individual organisms. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which claims that animals acquire traits through use or neglect. If a giraffe stretches its neck to reach prey, and the neck becomes longer, then the children will inherit this characteristic. The length difference between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck becomes too long to not breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles of one gene are distributed randomly in a population. At some point, one will reach fixation (become so widespread that it cannot be removed by natural selection) and the other alleles drop to lower frequencies. In extreme cases this, it leads to a single allele dominance. The other alleles are basically eliminated and heterozygosity has diminished to a minimum. In a small population it could result in the complete elimination of the recessive gene. This is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that takes place when a large amount of individuals move to form a new group.

A phenotypic bottleneck may occur when the survivors of a catastrophe, such as an epidemic or a mass hunt, are confined into a small area. The remaining individuals will be mostly homozygous for the dominant allele, which means that they will all have the same phenotype and will therefore have the same fitness characteristics. This could be caused by war, earthquakes, or even plagues. Whatever the reason, the genetically distinct population that remains is prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh and Ariew define drift as a deviation from the expected values due to differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins who are genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, but the other lives to reproduce.

This type of drift can play a very important role in the evolution of an organism. It is not the only method for evolution. Natural selection is the primary alternative, where mutations and migration keep the phenotypic diversity of the population.

Stephens argues there is a vast difference between treating drift like an actual cause or force, and considering other causes, 에볼루션 블랙잭 such as migration and 에볼루션 카지노 selection mutation as forces and causes. Stephens claims that a causal process explanation of drift lets us differentiate it from other forces and this distinction is crucial. He also argues that drift has a direction, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size which is determined based on the size of the population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are frequently exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is generally known as "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms by the inheritance of traits that are a result of an organism's natural activities usage, use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with the image of a giraffe stretching its neck further to reach the higher branches in the trees. This could cause giraffes' longer necks to be passed on to their offspring who would then grow even taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he introduced an original idea that fundamentally challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. In his opinion, living things had evolved from inanimate matter through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the first to suggest this, but he was widely thought of as the first to offer the subject a comprehensive and general treatment.

The most popular story is that Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and Lamarckism were rivals during the 19th century. Darwinism eventually triumphed and led to the creation of what biologists today call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits are passed down from generation to generation and instead argues that organisms evolve through the selective action of environment elements, like Natural Selection.

Although Lamarck endorsed the idea of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries also offered a few words about this idea but it was not a central element in any of their theories about evolution. This is partly due to the fact that it was never validated scientifically.

However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and, in the age of genomics, there is a large amount of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more generally epigenetic inheritance. It is a variant of evolution that is just as relevant as the more popular Neo-Darwinian theory.

Evolution by adaptation

One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is being driven by a fight for survival. In reality, this notion is a misrepresentation of natural selection and ignores the other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival is better described as a struggle to survive in a particular environment. This may be a challenge for not just other living things, but also the physical environment itself.

To understand how evolution operates, it is helpful to consider what adaptation is. It is a feature that allows living organisms to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological structure such as feathers or fur, or a behavioral trait like moving to the shade during hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid cold.

An organism's survival depends on its ability to obtain energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism should possess the right genes for producing offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. Moreover, the organism must be able to reproduce itself at a high rate within its niche.

These factors, together with mutation and gene flow result in a change in the proportion of alleles (different forms of a gene) in a population's gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequencies could lead to the emergence of new traits and eventually new species.

A lot of the traits we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, for example, the lungs or 에볼루션게이밍 gills that extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation and long legs for running away from predators, and 에볼루션 코리아 camouflage to hide. To comprehend adaptation it is essential to differentiate between physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physiological adaptations like thick fur or gills, are physical traits, while behavioral adaptations, like the tendency to seek out friends or to move to the shade during hot weather, aren't. It is important to note that insufficient planning does not result in an adaptation. In fact, failing to think about the implications of a behavior can make it unadaptive, despite the fact that it might appear logical or even necessary.